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| Bladder Calculi | ||
| Etiology •Diet plays a part in stone formation. •Some cases are hereditary. •Some cases are due to inborn errors of metabolism such as gout and cystinuria. | ||
| Pathogenesis •There are four main types of stones: calcium oxalate, uric acid, struvite and cystine. •Stone nucleation usually occurs on pre-existing surfaces and growth is dependent on factors such as urine concentration, pH, urine volume., | ||
| Epidemiology •Annual incidence of urinary stones is 7 to 21 cases per 10,000 persons in the United States. •Males are affected more often than females. •Peak age of onset between 20 to 30 years. | ||
| General Gross Description •Uroliths vary considerably in size, shape and color and are not particularly revealing as to their chemical content. •Urinary stones are sent for chemical analysis for more useful information. •Examples: | ||
| General Microscopic Description •Uroliths are not examined by microscopic sections. •Examples: | ||
| Clinical Correlation •Hematuria, dysuria and frequency are common accompanying symptoms. •Stones less than 5 mm are likely to pass spontaneously. •Stones greater than 7 mm are unlikely to pass. | ||
| References • Cotran RS, Kumar V, Robbins SL: Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease. 5th ed. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, 1994, pp. 984-985. •Primer on Kidney Diseases, 1994 (National Kidney Foundation (Greenberg A. editor). Please be patient during transfer. Medline will open in a new window. To return, close the Medline Window Bladder Calculi
| Synopsis by: Harold Yamase M.D. (T74000M30000)[470]
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